jueves, 23 de febrero de 2012
Samovars in Iran
Samovar culture has an analog in Iran, and expatriates everywhere maintain it. In Iran, samovars have been used at least for two centuries and electrical, oil-burning or natural gas-consuming samovars are still being used everywhere. Samovar is pronounced as samāvar in Persian (سماور) Iranian craftsmen used Persian art to produce artful samovars. The Iranian city of Borujerd has been the main centre of making samovars and a few workshops are still producing hand-made samovars. Borujerd’s samovars are often made with German silver which is a part of its famous Varsho-Sazi art. The art samovars of Borujerd are often shown in Iranian and Western countries' museums as a part of Iranian art.
Samovar
A samovar (Russian: самовар, IPA: [səmɐˈvar] ( listen); literally "self-boiler", Persian: سماور, Turkish: semaver) is a heated metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water in and around Russia, as well as in other Central, South-Eastern, Eastern European countries, Kashmir and in the Middle-East. Since the heated water is usually used for making tea, many samovars have a ring-shaped attachment (Russian: конфорка) seated around the chimney to hold and heat a teapot filled with tea concentrate.[1]
Though traditionally heated with coal or charcoal, many newer samovars use electricity and heat water in a similar manner as an electric water boiler. Antique samovars are often displayed for their beautiful workmanship.
Samovars come in different body shapes: urn- or krater-shaped, barrel, cylindric, spherical.
A typical samovar consists of a body, base and chimney, cover and steam vent, handles, faucet and key, crown and ring, chimney extension and cap, drip-bowl, and teapots.
The Merchant's Wife by Boris Kustodiev, showcasing the Russian tea culture.A traditional samovar consists of a large metal container with a faucet near the bottom and a metal pipe running vertically through the middle. Samovars are typically crafted out of copper, brass, bronze, silver, gold, tin or nickel. The pipe is filled with solid fuel to heat the water in the surrounding container. A small (6 to 8 inches) smoke-stack is put on the top to ensure draft. After the fire is off a teapot could be placed on top to be kept heated with the passing hot air. The teapot is used to brew the заварка (zavarka), a strong concentrate of tea. The tea is served by diluting this concentrate with кипяток (kipyatok) (boiled water) from the main container, usually at a ratio of about 10 parts water to one part tea concentrate, although tastes vary.
It is particularly well-suited to tea-drinking in a communal setting over a protracted period. The Russian expression "to have a sit by samovar" means to have a leisurely talk while drinking tea from samovar. This compares with the German Kaffeeklatsch, or Turkish nargile culture.
In everyday use it was an economical permanent source of hot water in older times. Various slow-burning items could be used for fuel, such as charcoal or dry pinecones. When not in use, the fire in the samovar pipe was faintly smouldering. When necessary, it was quickly rekindled with the help of bellows. Although a Russian jackboot сапог (sapog) could be used for this purpose, there were bellows manufactured specifically for use on samovars.
The samovar was an important attribute of a Russian household. Sizes and designs varied, from "40-pail" ones of 400 litres (110 US gal) to 1 litre (0.26 US gal) size, from cylindrical to spherical, from plain iron to polished brass to gilt.
In modern times, the samovar is mostly associated with Russian exotica and nostalgia[citation needed], though they are also quite popular with Iranian immigrants and their descendants. Today electric samovars are available. Samovars may be purchased in Europe, and in the US they may be found in neighborhoods with heavily Slavic populations, such as New York's East Village or Coney Island in Brooklyn, or in areas with large Iranian populations like Los Angeles, California.
An 18th-century samovar of Baroque shape, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
Barrel type samovar from early 1800s
Samovar, ca 1830-40, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
A Late Classical samovar, ca 1840-50, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
In 1989, an archeological dig near Dashust village, Shaki district, Azerbaijan unearthed a pottery samovar-like utensil identified by a characteristic central tube covered with soot, suggesting it was heated from the inside. It didn't look like modern samovars, though. In particular, the tube was open from the bottom, suggesting that it was placed over a fire like an ordinary pot. The age of the utensil was indirectly estimated at about 3,600 years.[2]
There were similar devices found in China.[3]
An owner of a unique collection of samovars, Shakhid Gabibullaev, has a modern-type samovar manufactured in 1717, the first known samovar.[citation needed]
The first historically recorded samovar-makers in Russia were the Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich. From their childhood they were engaged in metalworking at the brass factory of their father Fyodor Ivanovich Lisitsyn. In 1778 they made a samovar, and the same year Nazar Lisitsyn registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia. They may not have been the inventors of samovar, but they were the first documented samovar-makers, and their various and beautiful samovar designs became very influential throughout the later history of samovar-making.[4] These and other early producers lived in Tula, a city known for its metalworkers and arms-makers. Since the 18th century Tula has been also the main center of Russian samovar production, with tul'sky samovar being the brand mark of the city. By the 19th century samovars were already a common feature of the Russian tea culture. They were produced in large numbers and exported into Central Asia and other regions.
Though traditionally heated with coal or charcoal, many newer samovars use electricity and heat water in a similar manner as an electric water boiler. Antique samovars are often displayed for their beautiful workmanship.
Samovars come in different body shapes: urn- or krater-shaped, barrel, cylindric, spherical.
A typical samovar consists of a body, base and chimney, cover and steam vent, handles, faucet and key, crown and ring, chimney extension and cap, drip-bowl, and teapots.
The Merchant's Wife by Boris Kustodiev, showcasing the Russian tea culture.A traditional samovar consists of a large metal container with a faucet near the bottom and a metal pipe running vertically through the middle. Samovars are typically crafted out of copper, brass, bronze, silver, gold, tin or nickel. The pipe is filled with solid fuel to heat the water in the surrounding container. A small (6 to 8 inches) smoke-stack is put on the top to ensure draft. After the fire is off a teapot could be placed on top to be kept heated with the passing hot air. The teapot is used to brew the заварка (zavarka), a strong concentrate of tea. The tea is served by diluting this concentrate with кипяток (kipyatok) (boiled water) from the main container, usually at a ratio of about 10 parts water to one part tea concentrate, although tastes vary.
It is particularly well-suited to tea-drinking in a communal setting over a protracted period. The Russian expression "to have a sit by samovar" means to have a leisurely talk while drinking tea from samovar. This compares with the German Kaffeeklatsch, or Turkish nargile culture.
In everyday use it was an economical permanent source of hot water in older times. Various slow-burning items could be used for fuel, such as charcoal or dry pinecones. When not in use, the fire in the samovar pipe was faintly smouldering. When necessary, it was quickly rekindled with the help of bellows. Although a Russian jackboot сапог (sapog) could be used for this purpose, there were bellows manufactured specifically for use on samovars.
The samovar was an important attribute of a Russian household. Sizes and designs varied, from "40-pail" ones of 400 litres (110 US gal) to 1 litre (0.26 US gal) size, from cylindrical to spherical, from plain iron to polished brass to gilt.
In modern times, the samovar is mostly associated with Russian exotica and nostalgia[citation needed], though they are also quite popular with Iranian immigrants and their descendants. Today electric samovars are available. Samovars may be purchased in Europe, and in the US they may be found in neighborhoods with heavily Slavic populations, such as New York's East Village or Coney Island in Brooklyn, or in areas with large Iranian populations like Los Angeles, California.
An 18th-century samovar of Baroque shape, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
Barrel type samovar from early 1800s
Samovar, ca 1830-40, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
A Late Classical samovar, ca 1840-50, depicted on a 1989 USSR postage stamp
In 1989, an archeological dig near Dashust village, Shaki district, Azerbaijan unearthed a pottery samovar-like utensil identified by a characteristic central tube covered with soot, suggesting it was heated from the inside. It didn't look like modern samovars, though. In particular, the tube was open from the bottom, suggesting that it was placed over a fire like an ordinary pot. The age of the utensil was indirectly estimated at about 3,600 years.[2]
There were similar devices found in China.[3]
An owner of a unique collection of samovars, Shakhid Gabibullaev, has a modern-type samovar manufactured in 1717, the first known samovar.[citation needed]
The first historically recorded samovar-makers in Russia were the Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich. From their childhood they were engaged in metalworking at the brass factory of their father Fyodor Ivanovich Lisitsyn. In 1778 they made a samovar, and the same year Nazar Lisitsyn registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia. They may not have been the inventors of samovar, but they were the first documented samovar-makers, and their various and beautiful samovar designs became very influential throughout the later history of samovar-making.[4] These and other early producers lived in Tula, a city known for its metalworkers and arms-makers. Since the 18th century Tula has been also the main center of Russian samovar production, with tul'sky samovar being the brand mark of the city. By the 19th century samovars were already a common feature of the Russian tea culture. They were produced in large numbers and exported into Central Asia and other regions.
Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station
The Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station or Nizhny Novgorod GES (Russian: Нижегоро́дская ГЭС) is a hydroelectric station on the Volga river. Located near Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, it belongs to the Volga-Kama Cascade of dams
Construction started in 1948 and was completed in 1959. Complex consists of concrete spillway dam, 7 earth-fill dams and 3 dikes total 18.6 km long and up to 40 m high, power plant house, and two single-chamber two-lane locks with an intermediate pond. Installed power is 520 MW, average annual production is 1510 GWh. Power house has 8 generator units with Kaplan turbines, each 65 MW at 17 m head. The dam with total waterfront length of 13 km forms Gorky Reservoir.
Construction began in 1948. Although it was a medium-size project, e.g. compared to Volga Hydroelectric Station, it was often called an 'innovation testing range'. It also was the USSR longest dam.
More than 15,000 people came to the construction site. Construction site's infrastructure has been built along with construction of the station. Many industries of Zavolzhye and Gorodets owe their existence to station construction. Zavolzhye town was built from scratch. 8,500 houses and 700 state-owned and public buildings were moved to Zavolzhye and Gorodets from villages that were to be flooded.
The first concrete pouring for the dam took place in April 1951. The river current was stopped August 24, 1955. November 2, 1955, when the first turbine was put under load, is an official station's launch date. The last eight turbine was run in December 1956. In 1959 generators' cooling system improvement and reinforcement of turbines were implemented, increasing installed power by 120 MW to 520 MW.
Construction started in 1948 and was completed in 1959. Complex consists of concrete spillway dam, 7 earth-fill dams and 3 dikes total 18.6 km long and up to 40 m high, power plant house, and two single-chamber two-lane locks with an intermediate pond. Installed power is 520 MW, average annual production is 1510 GWh. Power house has 8 generator units with Kaplan turbines, each 65 MW at 17 m head. The dam with total waterfront length of 13 km forms Gorky Reservoir.
Construction began in 1948. Although it was a medium-size project, e.g. compared to Volga Hydroelectric Station, it was often called an 'innovation testing range'. It also was the USSR longest dam.
More than 15,000 people came to the construction site. Construction site's infrastructure has been built along with construction of the station. Many industries of Zavolzhye and Gorodets owe their existence to station construction. Zavolzhye town was built from scratch. 8,500 houses and 700 state-owned and public buildings were moved to Zavolzhye and Gorodets from villages that were to be flooded.
The first concrete pouring for the dam took place in April 1951. The river current was stopped August 24, 1955. November 2, 1955, when the first turbine was put under load, is an official station's launch date. The last eight turbine was run in December 1956. In 1959 generators' cooling system improvement and reinforcement of turbines were implemented, increasing installed power by 120 MW to 520 MW.
Gorodets - ( Goradiets )
Gorodets (Russian: Городе́ц) is a town and the administrative center of Gorodetsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, 53 kilometers (33 mi) northwest of Nizhny Novgorod. Population: 30,699
In the past, the town was also sometimes referred to as Gorodets-Radilov (Городе́ц-Ради́лов), or simply Radilov.
Gorodets was founded in 1152 by Prince Yury Dolgoruky (also the founder of Moscow) as a large fortress on the Volga River, the first Russian fortress in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. It was a starting point for numerous campaigns of the princes of Vladimir and Suzdal against Volga Bulgaria. In 1216, Yury II of Vladimir was dethroned by his brother and exiled here. In 1239, the town was burnt to the ground by Batu Khan's army. Folk tradition identifies Gorodets with Little Kitezh, a legendary town destroyed by the Mongols.
In 1263, Alexander Nevsky died in Gorodets on his way back to Novgorod from the Golden Horde. His son Andrew III made the town his chief residence. A famous medieval icon-painter, Prokhor, was born there. In the mid-14th century, the town was overshadowed by the neighbouring Nizhny Novgorod but continued as the third largest town of Nizhny Novgorod Principality until 1408, when Edigu razed it to the ground.
You can find A monument to Alexander Nevsky
For two following centuries the town was known as Gorodets Pustoy (i.e., "Gorodets the Empty"). Some chronicles state that its entire population moved slightly downstream and resettled at Salt-on-Gorodets (today's Balakhna). By the 19th century, Gorodets was revived as a prosperous village settled by Old Believer merchants and reputed for its decorative handicrafts, such as wood carving and painting.
In 1875, the Nizhny Novgorod writer A. S. Gatsisky describes Gorodets as a major center of trade in grain and wooden kitchenware.[4]
In 1922, Gorodets becomes a town again, as well the administrative center of Gorodetsky Uyezd (later, Gorodetsky District). Between 1948 and 1959, the dam of Gorky Hydroelectric Station (now Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station) was built a few kilometers upstream from Gorodets, and along with the station a new industrial town, Zavolzhye, was built on the right side of the Volga.
The chief historic monuments of Gorodets—the Trinity Cathedral (1644), St. Nicholas Church (1672), and Feodorovsky Monastery, associated with the famous icon of the same name—were destroyed by the Communists. The oldest surviving structure is a rather plain church (1707–1712), built over the site of an earlier church where the town's best known ruler, Andrew III, was interred in 1304.
There are several museums in the town, including: the Gingerbread Museum and the Samovar Museum; the latter housing a large collection of tea kettles.
Besides sharing the Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station with Zavolzhye, Gorodets has a shipbuilding industry. Traditional local crafts — woodworking, embroidery, honey bread baking — are still pursued in Gorodets, but in a more industrial way, at several local factories, whose products are available at souvenir shops all over the country.
The electric railroad branch from Nizhny Novgorod ends in Zavolzhye; but there is a road connection over the hydro dam, which provides the only fixed crossing across the Volga between Nizhny Novgorod and Kineshma.
In the past, the town was also sometimes referred to as Gorodets-Radilov (Городе́ц-Ради́лов), or simply Radilov.
Gorodets was founded in 1152 by Prince Yury Dolgoruky (also the founder of Moscow) as a large fortress on the Volga River, the first Russian fortress in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. It was a starting point for numerous campaigns of the princes of Vladimir and Suzdal against Volga Bulgaria. In 1216, Yury II of Vladimir was dethroned by his brother and exiled here. In 1239, the town was burnt to the ground by Batu Khan's army. Folk tradition identifies Gorodets with Little Kitezh, a legendary town destroyed by the Mongols.
In 1263, Alexander Nevsky died in Gorodets on his way back to Novgorod from the Golden Horde. His son Andrew III made the town his chief residence. A famous medieval icon-painter, Prokhor, was born there. In the mid-14th century, the town was overshadowed by the neighbouring Nizhny Novgorod but continued as the third largest town of Nizhny Novgorod Principality until 1408, when Edigu razed it to the ground.
You can find A monument to Alexander Nevsky
For two following centuries the town was known as Gorodets Pustoy (i.e., "Gorodets the Empty"). Some chronicles state that its entire population moved slightly downstream and resettled at Salt-on-Gorodets (today's Balakhna). By the 19th century, Gorodets was revived as a prosperous village settled by Old Believer merchants and reputed for its decorative handicrafts, such as wood carving and painting.
In 1875, the Nizhny Novgorod writer A. S. Gatsisky describes Gorodets as a major center of trade in grain and wooden kitchenware.[4]
In 1922, Gorodets becomes a town again, as well the administrative center of Gorodetsky Uyezd (later, Gorodetsky District). Between 1948 and 1959, the dam of Gorky Hydroelectric Station (now Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station) was built a few kilometers upstream from Gorodets, and along with the station a new industrial town, Zavolzhye, was built on the right side of the Volga.
The chief historic monuments of Gorodets—the Trinity Cathedral (1644), St. Nicholas Church (1672), and Feodorovsky Monastery, associated with the famous icon of the same name—were destroyed by the Communists. The oldest surviving structure is a rather plain church (1707–1712), built over the site of an earlier church where the town's best known ruler, Andrew III, was interred in 1304.
There are several museums in the town, including: the Gingerbread Museum and the Samovar Museum; the latter housing a large collection of tea kettles.
Besides sharing the Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station with Zavolzhye, Gorodets has a shipbuilding industry. Traditional local crafts — woodworking, embroidery, honey bread baking — are still pursued in Gorodets, but in a more industrial way, at several local factories, whose products are available at souvenir shops all over the country.
The electric railroad branch from Nizhny Novgorod ends in Zavolzhye; but there is a road connection over the hydro dam, which provides the only fixed crossing across the Volga between Nizhny Novgorod and Kineshma.
lunes, 13 de febrero de 2012
Temporary Residence Permit in the Russian Federation
Any foreign citizen entering Russia under a visa or a visa-free regime, having a migration card and no residence permit or no permit for temporary residence in Russia, has a "Temporary Visitor Status".
The period of stay of a foreign citizen cannot exceed 90 days from the date of entry into the Russian Federation, except for the cases when a foreigner visits Russia for work purpose and obtains a proper Work Permit.
For those foreign citizens willing to stay in Russia for a longer period or intending to obtain Residence Permit or Russian Citizenship, it is necessary to acquire "Temporary Resident Status" in the first place.
TEMPORARY RESIDENCE PERMIT (TRP) is a document granting a foreign citizen the right for temporary residence in the Russian Federation before obtaining Residence Permit or Russian Citizenship.
Temporary Residence Permit is valid for 3 years, so is the registration at the place of residence. This saves the trouble of undertaking migration registration procedure (registration of notifying character) each time a foreigner enters the Russian Federation.
Source: http://residencepermit.blogspot.com/
The period of stay of a foreign citizen cannot exceed 90 days from the date of entry into the Russian Federation, except for the cases when a foreigner visits Russia for work purpose and obtains a proper Work Permit.
For those foreign citizens willing to stay in Russia for a longer period or intending to obtain Residence Permit or Russian Citizenship, it is necessary to acquire "Temporary Resident Status" in the first place.
TEMPORARY RESIDENCE PERMIT (TRP) is a document granting a foreign citizen the right for temporary residence in the Russian Federation before obtaining Residence Permit or Russian Citizenship.
Temporary Residence Permit is valid for 3 years, so is the registration at the place of residence. This saves the trouble of undertaking migration registration procedure (registration of notifying character) each time a foreigner enters the Russian Federation.
Source: http://residencepermit.blogspot.com/
domingo, 12 de febrero de 2012
El alquiler en Moscú y San Petersburgo
Según un estudio realizado por un grupo de expertos de la empresa “NVD-Inmobiliaria”, el precio del alquiler en la capital moscovita es 1,6 veces más elevado que en San Petersburgo. Según la investigación, el alquiler mensual de un estudio en la capital rusa varía entre los 25.000 y los 30.000 rublos. Un piso de una habitación costaría entre 32.000 y 40.000 rublos al mes; y de dos habitaciones, a partir de 40.000 rublos al mes.
Como cabe esperar, entre otros aspectos, los precios se establecen en función de la zona y del estado del piso.
Tal y como declaran los responsables del estudio, el precio del alquiler de un estudio situado en una zona poco “atrayente” de Moscú, y no del todo en buen estado, puede alcanzar los 18.000 rublos.
En San Petersburgo, en cambio, una de las opciones más económicas sería alquilar un estudio de unos 30 metros cuadrados en las afueras de la ciudad por unos 12.000 rublos al mes. El coste de un piso de similares características situado en el centro de la ciudad sería, en cambio, de unos 50.000 rublos.
http://icsanpetersburgo.com/news/news_es.php?pgid=427
Como cabe esperar, entre otros aspectos, los precios se establecen en función de la zona y del estado del piso.
Tal y como declaran los responsables del estudio, el precio del alquiler de un estudio situado en una zona poco “atrayente” de Moscú, y no del todo en buen estado, puede alcanzar los 18.000 rublos.
En San Petersburgo, en cambio, una de las opciones más económicas sería alquilar un estudio de unos 30 metros cuadrados en las afueras de la ciudad por unos 12.000 rublos al mes. El coste de un piso de similares características situado en el centro de la ciudad sería, en cambio, de unos 50.000 rublos.
http://icsanpetersburgo.com/news/news_es.php?pgid=427
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